Digital traces — chat logs, mobile backups, CCTV, e-mails, system logs, cloud backups, GPS data, IoT telemetry — are now central to criminal and civil litigation. But their convenience is double-edged: electronic records are easy to alter, delete or fabricate. Indian courts therefore treat e-evidence with legal caution: admissibility depends on statutory procedure and demonstrable integrity (chain of custody and forensic processes). The basic statutory scheme sits in Sections